Luna
A true tale of a legendary whale
Article by Suzanne and Mike Chisholm
In July, 2001, a stranger came to Nootka Sound and changed many lives. When he died on March 10, 2006, he left many broken hearts. He was a lone killer whale, an orca. He was just a child, in orca terms when he arrived in Nootka Sound. But in the years to follow he would become a legend.
The little orca had many names. He was called L-98 by scientists, Luna by a naming competition, and Tsu’xiit by the Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nation of Nootka Sound. For simplicity, we’ll call him Luna here.
Luna was born on September 19, 1999, into a group of whales called L-pod, one of three pods in the Southern Resident group of killer whales. The Southern Residents spend summers near Victoria. They are considered endangered by the governments of both Canada and the United States. There are about 90 Southern Resident orcas, all of whom are individually identified and named. Southern Resident whales, like their Northern Resident cousins who spend summers near the northeast end of Vancouver Island, eat only fish. Other orcas, known as transients because they visit unpredictably, eat warm-blooded animals like seals.
In 2001, when Luna was less than two years old, he was separated from
his family and turned up alone in Nootka Sound. One of the first ships
he learned to play with was the MV Uchuck III, which cannot travel
faster than he could swim. He learned to play in the bow waves or the
wake of the Uchuck III very early in his visit to Nootka Sound and
seemed to develop a lasting affection for the big old ship.
Nobody knows exactly how or why Luna came to Nootka
Sound. It is extremely rare for killer whales to go solo. They are
highly social animals, and whales from Luna’s group spend their
entire lives together. When Luna was first identified in Nootka Sound
in 2001, many scientists were skeptical that he would survive. Would
he get enough food?
But survive he did. He was never fed by humans, and
managed to feed himself enough. Scientists think he ate a lot of pilchards that first year. Pilchards are not a normal prey fish for orcas, but
he must have learned fast how to adapt.
When Luna was first seen, he was estimated to be about 12 feet long. By March 2006 Luna was estimated at about 18 feet long. A full-grown male orca averages 27 feet long and weighs 9,000 pounds.
Southern Resident orcas are among the most social
mammals in the world. In the absence of other orcas
from his own family group, Luna made a kind of rough-and-ready pod out of boats and
people. From his early days in Nootka Sound, he played with boats.
He liked to rub up against the hulls of boats, he swam alongside the “boom
boats” in the booming grounds, he pushed rudders, and he loved
to play with water gushing from
a hose. He also seemed to like to make eye contact
with people, and it was likely, based on scientific
observation of orcas in captivity and of some of
his own behaviours, that he recognized individuals.
Many people in Nootka Sound developed a deep affection
for Luna. Some scientists believe that it is possible
that he survived partly because in his early days in Nootka Sound he had a significant
amount of social contact with people. But the other
side of this coin is that Luna’s habituation to humans may have diminished his
chances of returning to his pod. Most scientists agree that the longer
Luna was separated from his pod, the less likely he would have been
to successfully reunite.
Therefore, the government decided to prevent people
from interacting with Luna. Federal law prohibits
the disturbance of a marine mammal. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans, which
manages orcas, decided in 2002 that playing with Luna constituted disturbance,
and charged and convicted people who were caught
petting Luna. The maximum fine for such
a crime is $100,000. Eventually, fewer people intentionally
sought to play with Luna, but he still got a great
deal of interaction anyway. How? By pursuing boats that were not fast enough to outrun him.
The MV Uchuck III is one of these. But many smaller boats, like tugs,
barges, and boom boats, were also too slow to run away from him, so
he spent much of his time playing with them. He also tried to play
with sailboats or with fishing boats when they were trolling.
This caused some problems. Luna was not like a garbage
bear or a cougar that might wander into a human community, because
he never showed any inclination to react with violence
toward human beings. He just seemed to want to play. But he was large
and powerful, and occasionally caused
damage to boats by pushing them around.
Luna also became an important part of life on Nootka
Sound for the Mowachaht/ Muchalaht First Nation,
which is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth group of aboriginals. The orca
species as a whole is highly revered by many First Nations cultures,
but in addition to that, Luna showed up in Nootka Sound at a very important
moment, shortly after the passing of Chief
Ambrose Maquinna. Friends of Ambrose report that
before he died, he said that he would like to come
back as kakawin, which is the Nuu-chah-nulth word for orca. Many members
of the Mowachaht/Muchalaht believe that Luna, whom they call Tsu’xiit, embodies the spirit
of their late chief. The Mowachaht/ Muchalaht have deep respect for
all orcas, and for this one in particular.
In 2004, the Canadian government attempted to capture
Luna to move him back to his pod near Victoria to attempt a reunion.
When the government boats tried to lure Luna into a pen to prepare
him for a long truck ride south, members of the Mowachaht/ Muchalaht
First Nation went out in their canoes, singing and paddling. Luna followed
the canoes. After a nine-day period that the press described as a “Tug-of-whale,” the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans called off the
relocation.
During the summers of 2004 and 2005, the Mowachaht/Muchalaht
First Nation conducted stewardship programs to try
to keep Luna and the public safe. In March, 2006, the Department of
Fisheries and Oceans was making
plans to discuss a summer stewardship program for
Luna with the Mowachaht Muchalaht First Nation and
a group of scientists had submitted an application to study Luna.
Unfortunately on the morning of March 10, 2006, Luna
was accidentally killed by the propeller of a large tugboat from Vancouver.
He died in the waters off Concepcion Point, Bligh Island, in a part
of Nootka Sound he seemed to love. His death was reported around the
world. Many questions remain. Why did Luna come here? Why didn’t
he swim away and find other whales? Would a reunion
with his family have been
successful? Could something more have been done to keep
him and the public safer right here in Nootka Sound?
Most of these questions can never be answered. What we do know
is that Luna was very unusual. He was, however, not unique. A few dolphins or beluga whales have recently been socializing with human beings in
different parts of the world, including on Canada’s East Coast.
Scientists have coined a new term for these animals: “Solitary
sociables.” Researchers think the appearance of these lone animals
may have something to do with changing ocean currents, pollution, or
simply
natural accident.
Luna’s sojourn in Nootka Sound was a great gift from the wild to the people here and to the many visitors who came to see him. Those
who were privileged to meet Luna learned to respect his curiosity,
his enthusiasm, his exuberance at play, and what appeared to be his
very consistent affection for people.
